Diabetes types

Diabetes is a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). The scientific term for this is diabetes mellitus.

If your glucose level is high and remains high (hyperglycaemia), then you are likely to have diabetes. If the level goes too low, then it is called hypoglycaemia.

Below are the main types of diabetes and related conditions:

• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The immune system attacks the insulin-making cells in the pancreas. It usually presents in childhood and requires insulin injections.

• Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The body becomes resistant to insulin or does not make enough insulin. It usually presents in adulthood and is managed with diet, exercise, pills, and sometimes insulin.

• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM): Develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after woman gives birth. GDM increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes later.

• Non-Diabetic Hyperglycaemia (NDH): Blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diabetes. NDH, formerly known as prediabetes, increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes.

The main tests for measuring the glucose levels in the blood (blood sugar tests) are as follows.

Random blood glucose level

A blood sample taken at any time can be a useful test if diabetes is suspected. A level of 11.1 mmol/L or more in the blood sample indicates diabetes. A fasting blood glucose test may be done to confirm the diagnosis.

Fasting blood glucose levels

A glucose level below 11.1 mmol/L on a random blood sample does not rule out diabetes. A blood test taken in the morning before you eat anything is a more accurate test. Do not eat or drink anything except water for 8-10 hours before a fasting blood glucose test. A level of 7.0 mmol/L or more indicates that you have diabetes.

If you have no symptoms of diabetes but the blood test shows a glucose level of 7.0 mmol/L or more, the blood sugar test should be repeated to confirm you have diabetes.

If you have symptoms (such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and feeling very tired) and the blood test shows a glucose level of 7.0 mmol/L or more, the diabetes test doesn't need to be repeated.

Please see the separate leaflets called Diabetes tipo 1 e Diabetes tipo 2 para mais detalhes.

Oral glucose tolerance test

This test may be performed to check if a woman has developed diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes). It is also used when it is suspected that you have high blood sugar but not high enough to be diagnosed with diabetes. This condition is known as NDH.

The oral glucose tolerance test is not commonly used to diagnose diabetes anymore.

For this test, you fast overnight. In the morning you are given a drink which contains 75g of glucose. A blood sample is taken two hours later. Normally, your body should be able to deal with the glucose and your blood level should not go too high. A glucose level of 11.1 mmol/L or more in the blood sample taken after two hours indicates that you have diabetes. See the separate leaflet called Glucose tolerance test for more details.

The HbA1c blood test

If you have diabetes, your doctor or nurse may test your HbA1c levels every 3-6 months. This test measures your recent average blood glucose levels. Because it is an average measurement, you do not need to fast on the day of the test.

The test measures a part of the red blood cells. Glucose in the blood attaches to part of the red blood cells. This part can be measured and gives a good indication of your average blood glucose over the previous 2-3 months.

• In the UK, HbA1c results are expressed in mmol/mol. This is in line with the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. The non-diabetic, HbA1c 'normal' range is 20-42 mmol/mol.

• In the UK, HbA1c results used to be expressed in percentages that were in line with the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). The non-diabetic HbA1c 'normal' range is 4-6%.

• As some places still use the old-style percentages, a comparison tool is below.

For people with diabetes, treatment aims to lower the HbA1c level to below a target level, which is usually agreed between you and your doctor at regular check-ups.

Your HbA1c level should ideally be less than 48 mmol/mol (6.5%). However, this may not always be achievable, and the target level of HbA1c should be agreed upon individually by you and your doctor. This could involve increasing the dose of medication, improving your diet, and other measures.

The usual HbA1c target is 53 mmol/mol (7%) if the treatment includes a drug that causes hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar). The target may be adjusted based on factors such as potential side effects, other medical conditions, age, general health, and frailty.

The HbA1c test can also be used to diagnose diabetes. An HbA1c value of 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) or above is the blood level for diagnosing diabetes. People with an HbA1c level of 42-47 mmol/mol (6.0-6.5%) are at increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This is called NDH). See the separate leaflet called Pre-diabetes (Impaired glucose tolerance) for more details.

A drop of blood from a finger prick is placed on a test strip, which contains a chemical that reacts with glucose. The blood glucose level can be measured quickly using a colour chart or a small glucose meter machine. Home glucose monitoring is crucial for anyone with diabetes who needs insulin treatment. In this situation, checking the blood glucose several times a day is usually recommended.

Home monitoring is not available upon request in the NHS and is provided under certain circumstances, including the use of insulin therapy, having evidence of hypoglycaemic episodes, or taking a drug that may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia while driving or operating machinery.

New devices called flash glucose monitors or continuous glucose monitors can be worn by diabetics. Continuous glucose monitoring allows those with diabetes to check their blood glucose frequently without pricking fingers.

Urine, produced by the kidneys, does not normally contain glucose. The kidneys filter our blood, retaining substances the body needs while eliminating waste products. Your kidneys constantly reabsorb glucose so that it does not enter the urine. However, if blood glucose levels rise above a certain threshold, the kidneys cannot reabsorb all of it. This means some glucose will 'spill' through the kidneys into the urine.

A simple urine dipstick test can detect glucose in a urine sample. In a dipstick test, a doctor or nurse uses a special chemical strip that they dip into a sample of your urine. Colour changes on the strip show whether there is glucose in the urine sample. If you have glucose in your urine, you are likely to have diabetes.

However, some people have kidneys that are more 'leaky', allowing glucose to enter the urine even with normal blood glucose levels. Therefore, if your urine contains any glucose, you should have a blood test to measure your blood glucose levels to confirm or rule out diabetes.