What causes hearing loss?

Perda auditiva can develop for a wide variety of reasons. Sound waves are focused on to your eardrum, where vibrations are passed through tiny bones attached to your middle ear. From there, they travel to your hearing nerves, which pass them to your brain and interpret them.

You also have an inner ear, where your balance mechanisms reside. Problems your cochlea in the inner ear can lead to hearing loss. Also, your Eustachian tube connects your middle ear with the outside world, allowing you to equalise the pressure between the two.

Perda auditiva condutiva

Issues which affect how sound is conducted to your eardrum or middle ear is called conductive hearing loss. These include:

• Inflammation of outer ear - otite externa.

• Cera de ouvido or a foreign body in your ear canal.

• Perfuração do tímpano.

• Scarring of your eardrum from repeated perforation.

• Otite serosa, most often seen in children, in which the air in the middle ear is replaced by a sticky liquid.

• Disfunção da tuba auditiva, often happens when you have a cold.

• An uncommon growth in the ear called a colesteatoma.

• Middle ear infection - known as otite média.

• Otosclerose, which affects one of the three bones in the middle ear.

Sensorineural hearing loss

Hearing loss related to the onwards passage of messages to the brain from the hearing nerve is known as sensorineural hearing loss. Causes include:

• Age-related hearing loss, or presbyacusis - the commonest reason for hearing loss.

• Noise damage.

• Meniere's disease, which causes episodes of hearing loss, vertigem - dizziness with a spinning sensation - and zumbido.

• A tumour on the hearing nerve called an neuroma acústico.

• Some conditions affecting the brain, including derrame, brain trauma, inflammation of the brain (encefalite) e esclerose múltipla.

Tinnitus is the term for noise that comes from inside your ears, rather than from the world outside. It's often perceived as a ringing, buzzing, roaring or whistling. It usually affects both ears and often goes hand in hand with hearing loss.

If your Eustachian tube gets blocked by mucus when you have a cold, there's a mismatch of pressure which affects how efficiently messages from your eardrum are passed to your hearing nerve. This can result in dulled hearing and sometimes pain. The same principle applies if you're in an aeroplane which is changing height as it takes off or lands.

The hearing loss from blocked Eustachian tubes is common but usually temporary. With age, you're much more likely to have persistent age-related hearing loss. According to the RNID, in the UK more than 5 in 10 people aged 55 or more and 8 out of 10 over the age of 70 have hearing loss.

One in three adults in the UK has some degree of hearing loss, and age is the single biggest cause.

One of the first signs of age-related hearing loss is difficulty in hearing when there's a lot of background noise. This can make it difficult to take part in social gatherings. As hearing loss progresses, even one to one conversations in quiet settings become harder. As a result, people with untreated hearing loss often avoid social situations.

Loss of social contact increases the risk of ansiedade e depressão. But without mental stimulation from conversation with others, there's also a higher risk of brain decline - memory loss and even demência.

People with even mild untreated hearing loss are twice as likely to develop dementia as those without it. Moderate untreated hearing loss increases the risk three fold, while those with severe hearing loss are five times more likely to develop dementia as those with normal hearing.

Research has shown that people with hearing loss who used hearing aids were not at increased risk, and had the same chance of staying independent as those with normal hearing.

Yet hearing tests - and hearing aids - are underused. Around 7 million adults in the UK could benefit from hearing aids but only around 2 million people use them

Most of us have our eyes checked every couple of years, or more often if advised. Yet on average, it takes 10 years for someone to seek help when they develop hearing loss. Doctors spend a lot of time advising patients to get into the habit of having hearing checks as they get older.

British and Irish Hearing Instrument Manufacturers Association goes one step further. It wants to see annual NHS hearing tests introduced routinely for everyone over the age of 55. On average, it's nine years since people aged 55 or over have had a hearing check, even though people of this age believe they should be getting their hearing tested every three years.

Mohammed Ismail, audiologist at the hearing specialist Amplifon, advises: "There's compelling clinical evidence linking untreated hearing loss to anxiety, depression and social isolation. There is even clear evidence that untreated hearing loss significantly increases the risk of cognitive decline, especially in older people. Yet all too often people wait many years before getting the issue sorted.

"Getting a first check early means you can be alerted to early signs of hearing loss, and monitored for any decline in hearing that needs treatment. If we could all get into the habit of having regular hearing checks over 55, in the same way as we get our eyes and teeth checked, it would make a real difference to the incidence of mental health and cognitive issues."

You can book a free hearing test directly through many high street hearing centres. Alternatively, speak to your GP - they'll be happy to refer you on the NHS. The audiologist will carry out several tests.

One involves listening to different sounds through headphones and pressing a button when you hear something; another is similar but with speech; another checks for fluid behind your eardrum.

If there's an issue, your audiologist will talk about the options for hearing aids. Many are available on the NHS - and they are very different from the cumbersome, whistling devices of just a couple of decades ago.

Newer technologies - some of them only available through private providers - allow you to link your hearing aid to your phone or television, and even fine-tune your settings through bluetooth-enabled technology.

So if you've noticed your hearing is less sharp, don't delay - it could change your life.

Com agradecimentos à revista 'My Weekly', onde este artigo foi originalmente publicado.