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Finding it harder to read

Even if you haven't needed glasses in the past, many people aged 40 and over may start to require a prescription for reading glasses. This is known as presbyopia and is a normal change in the eyes' ability to focus at different distances.

If you begin to gradually notice it is becoming harder to read texts up close, or find you have to hold certain items - such as a restaurant menu - further away to see them properly, it may be a sign of this natural alteration.

If you notice these sorts of changes, it's important to make an appointment with your optician. They will be able to rule out any other causes and prescribe you appropriate glasses or contact lenses.

If your vision becomes blurry, it can be alarming. But although it's important to get checked out quickly to rule out more serious issues, it may be caused by something more harmless.

Robert Longhurst, Consultant Optometrist, Phoenix Hospital, Harley Street, London says that if your vision is blurry, you need to ask yourself the following questions:

• Are your eyes suddenly blurry or has it been a gradual process?

• Are your eyes always blurry or just sometimes?

• Is it one eye that is blurry or both of your eyes?

He explains that vision that is only sometimes blurry - and that clears after blinking - is quite often a dry eye. A gradual blurring of vision that cannot be corrected with glasses is sometimes caused by developing cataracts.

Some people have visual disturbances, which range from seeing straight lines as wavy, or zig-zags or shimmering light.

"Others may have visual hallucinations, such as seeing people you know aren't there - which is surprisingly common," says Longhurst.

Manchas flutuantes

Longhurst says that the most common visual disturbance is probably moscas volantes, which are the little black spots or cobwebs you get in your vision that drift about as you move your eyes. Most of the time, floaters are caused by changes in the jelly inside the eye as we get older. We all tend to notice floaters from time to time and they are usually nothing to worry about.

However, if you have a sudden increase in floaters, you should see your optician - especially if you have flashing lights too - as this may indicate a posterior vitreous detachment. This is where the jelly changes where the retina is. For most people, it's harmless, but occasionally the retina will tear, which is why it is important to be seen. A retinal tear can lead to a detachment and sight loss.

"Anyone concerned about any visual disturbance should see their optician," Longhurst advises. "Anyone with flashing lights and floaters needs to be seen urgently in A&E or an eye hospital if there is one close to you to make sure they do not have a tear."

It's not uncommon for people to experience a reddening of one or both of the eyes. There can be a number of different causes from irritation to infection.

Febre do feno

During spring and summer months, many people develop rinite alérgica, which can cause eye irritation and redness. If you have hay fever and experience this symptom, you may find eye drops containing antihistamine help to reduce redness and itching.

Conjuntivite

Allergic ou conjuntivite infecciosa is one of the most common causes of red or pink eye. Longhurst explains that this is a common eye inflammation usually caused by an irritant or a bacterium or virus.

This condition is often infectious, so you may need to take time off work or study. If you experience symptoms alongside the redness that include itching, watery eyes, or pus, it's likely that conjunctivitis is the cause. This condition can often be treated at home, using boiled and cooled (sterile) water and cotton wool to clean the eye area.

However, it may require additional medicine. Your pharmacist can provide the same medicine you would get on prescription from your doctor, and can also confirm if any further action is needed.

Blefarite

Blefarite presents in a similar way to conjunctivitis, but is an inflammation of the margins or edges of the eyelid. It can be accompanied by the redness and itching of conjunctivitis, as well as flakes and crusting around the eyelid area. Some people complain that their eyelids are stuck together in the morning. This condition can usually be treated by regular eyelid hygiene - outlined in more detail in nosso folheto - but can take a considerable time to settle.

Hemorragia subconjuntival

Despite the alarming name, this cause of a sudden-onset painless red eye is usually not serious, and is more like a bruise on the eye. Longhurst explains that this type of bruise can be caused by injury, or even a cough or sneeze. Rarely, it may also be a symptom of pressão alta.

Outras causas

If you experience red eye that is accompanied by light sensitivity, it may be a condition called uveíte, which is an inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. It's important to seek medical advice for this combination of symptoms as it may be necessary to treat with steroids.

Contact lens wearers

In addition, if you are a contact lens wearer, this can make you more susceptible to certain infections. If you experience any of the above symptoms, remove your contact lens and speak to your optician or pharmacist.

"Although for the most part, a red eye does not have a sinister cause, anyone with red eye should get it looked at," advises Longhurst. "Opticians are trained to diagnose most causes of a red eye and some can even prescribe medicine."

If you are unable to see an optician, ask your pharmacist for advice.

Eye soreness or pain can be a worrying symptom, but is not necessarily a sign of something serious unless teamed with other symptoms. Nevertheless, if you develop eye pain, it's important to see your optician. If the pain is severe and accompanied by visual changes, it's time for an immediate trip to A&E.

"Eye pain without any other symptoms - such as a red eye - is rarely serious," explains Longhurst. "And I see a lot of patients with eye pain that feels as though the pain is coming from behind their eye. But it's actually because of an issue with their cornea at the front of the eye. Quite often this is just dry eye or a foreign body.