How does our body temperature work?

Our bodies have amazingly sophisticated mechanisms to keep our vital internal organs at exactly the right temperature. One of these is shutting off circulation to your extremities and directing all the warm blood to your inner organs, causing cold hands and feet.

Blood flow can reduce by 99% in the cold - and it's women who do it best. Part of this is hormone-related, so your tendency to suffer cold feet will vary during your menstrual cycle. Women also have a higher proportion of fat under their skin - great for insulating their internal organs but bad for blood supply to the skin.

Women are also much more prone to a condition called síndrome de Raynaud, probably for the same reasons, which result in cold hands and feet. In Raynaud's, your fingers and sometimes toes turn cold and white, then go blue and numb when exposed to cold.

Episodes can last from minutes to several hours. There's usually no obvious cause, although some autoimmune conditions - where your body's immune system turns on itself - such as artrite reumatoide e esclerodermia, can be to blame. It can be brought on by medicines which affect blood flow - including beta-blockers for heart conditions, some cancer medicines, and decongestants.

Prolonged use of vibration tools used in building work can damage tiny blood vessels in your hands, making you prone to Raynaud's. A tablet called nifedipina, taken either daily or just in cold weather, may sort the issue out.

Blockage or furring up of bigger blood vessels supplying your feet with blood can lead to numb, cold feet, as well as pain - usually starting in your calves. The main disease is called doença arterial periférica (PAD).

PAD is mostly down to all the same factors that increase your chance of heart attack and stroke - after all, these are both caused by blocked arteries in different parts of the body. But while pressão alta e colesterol are the biggest causes of stroke and heart disease, the single most important cause of PAD is smoking.

The first symptom of PAD is usually pain in your calves, which comes on after you've been walking a set distance and settles when you stop. The distance gets shorter as the condition progresses, as well as if you're walking uphill or into a wind.

You can lose hair on your legs and get numb, cold feet and ulcers. Parar de fumar is key, but regular exercise is also essential to improve circulation. Several medicines can help, and in severe cases surgery to restore blood flow through the blocked arteries may be recommended.

Damage to your nerves can also cause cold feet. Diabetes is a major cause of this - high blood sugar affects your nerves, with feet most often the first to feel the strain. If you have diabetes, keeping your blood sugar well controlled will cut your likelihood of foot problems dramatically. Your GP surgery should invite you to a foot check as part of an annual review.

However, it's also essential to examine your own feet regularly. As well as feeling cold, you may get burning, shooting pain at night. You can lose the ability to feel pain, so may be more prone to injuries which don't heal well. Foot ulcers also leave you vulnerable without proper attention to your feet. If in any doubt, contact your healthcare professional.

Uma glândula tireoide hipoativa can leave you with freezing cold feet. Your thyroid gland regulates your metabolism - so if this slows down you can feel the cold more. You may also be tired and constipated, and put on weight for no reason. If blood tests reveal an issue, regular medicine will put your thyroid back into balance.

Being very underweight can cause cold hands and feet. Whatever the cause of your cold hands and feet, stopping smoking can help, as smoking shuts down warming blood circulation.

Com agradecimentos à revista 'My Weekly', onde este artigo foi originalmente publicado.