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What is a chalazion?

Eye with upper eyelid chalazion

A chalazion is a small (2-8 mm) swelling in the eyelid. It arises due to inflammation causing a reaction known as a "granuloma" - this is a swelling filled with white blood cells and other tissue. It is common and sometimes called a meibomian cyst or tarsal cyst. A chalazion is more common on the upper eyelid. It is possible to have several at once, in more than one eyelid. It is not the same as a stye.

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© Kotek1986. Tsca.bot, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Chalazion vs Stye

A chalazion is caused by a blockage of a gland in the eyelid, whereas a stye is due to an infected eyelash follicle.

Stye vs Chalazion vs Hordeolum

A hordoleum is another word for a stye. These can be internal (an infection of the Meibomian gland) or external (an infection of the eyelash follicle) A chalazion is not an infection but is an inflammation. Sometimes it can be difficult to tell the difference between an internal hodoleum (stye) and an inflamed chalazion but the treatment for them both is the same.

There are tiny glands just under the inner surface of the eyelid, called meibomian glands. These make an oily fluid called meibum to help lubricate the eye.

If the gland becomes blocked then the meibum cannot escape into the tears. It may expand into a swelling and leak into the eyelid tissue. This becomes inflamed. Over time, inflammation causes a lump (or granuloma) to form in the eyelid. This is a firm, solid lump that remains for a long time. This lump is the chalazion.

Chalazion is more common in people who have an eye condition known as blepharitis, or skin conditions such as eczema, because in these conditions the meibum tends to be thicker so the gland is more easily blocked.

It is most commonly found in adults between the ages of 30 and 50.

Veja os folhetos separados chamados Terçol e Blefarite para mais detalhes.

• The usual symptom is a small lump which develops on an eyelid.

• It often is red and the surrounding area might be a little swollen.

• Sometimes it causes mild pain or irritation, particularly if it has just started - this usually settles.

• It sometimes gets infected and then becomes more swollen, red and painful.

• Sight is not affected, although very occasionally it can be big enough to be noticeable at the edge of the vision.

No treatment may be necessary as up to half of people get better without any treatment. This can take between two and six months but if the chalazion is not causing any problems, it is best just to watch and wait. Further treatment options include:

• Warm compresses can help to reduce discomfort and also may disperse the chalazion. A clean flannel that has been in hot water should be held gently but firmly against the closed eye for 5-10 minutes, 3-4 times a day. The flannel cools quickly so should be warmed again regularly. This warmth and slight pressure may be enough to soften the contents of the fluid-filled swelling (cyst), helping it drain more easily. (The water should be hot but comfortable and not scalding.)

• Antibiotic ointments, drops and medicines are not recommended as they do not make any difference - the contents of the cyst are infection-free. If the chalazion does become infected, antibiotic drops can sometimes be helpful.

• Massage of the cyst after using a hot compress can encourage the cyst to drain. To do this, gently massage with a clean finger or cotton bud, in the direction of the eyelashes.

• Cleaning the eyelid twice per day removes grease and dead skin cells that may contribute to cysts forming. A weak solution of baby shampoo in warm water is ideal and a cotton bud can be used to clean the eyelids with this.

• A small operation is an option if it is troublesome or persistent. A referral to an ophthalmologist is needed and the operation is usually done under local anaesthetic, although children and some adults may not tolerate this and may require general anaesthetic. The eyelid is numbed. A small cut is then made on the inside of the eyelid to release the contents of the cyst and it is scraped out. After surgery antibiotic drops or ointment are commonly prescribed.

• An injection of a steroid directly into the chalazion is another type of treatment which is less invasive and can be successful.

Most chalazia cause no problems. A cyst can become infected.

Rarely, this infection can spread to involve the whole eyelid and tissues surrounding the eye. The eyelid may be very swollen and red. It might be difficult to open the eye and there may be a lot of pain and a febre (temperatura alta). This type of complication is called orbital cellulitis and it is important to seek urgent medical advice, usually in an emergency department of a hospital. Treatment of orbital cellulitis is with antibiotics, usually into a vein (intravenously) via a drip, in hospital.

A chalazion usually only occurs once. However, some people are prone to developing them and they may recur. It is sometimes possible to prevent a chalazion developing by using a hot compress on the eyelids (described above) and massaging the eyelids each morning.

What triggers a chalazion?

A chalazion is often triggered by a blocked oil gland in the eyelid. This can happen after a stye or due to conditions like blepharitis, oily skin, or poor eyelid hygiene.

Are chalazia contagious?

No, chalazia are not contagious. They form when an oil gland in the eyelid becomes blocked, not from an infection that can spread to others.

Can a chalazion be dangerous?

A chalazion is not usually dangerous and often clears on its own. However, if it becomes very large, painful, or affects your vision, it’s best to see a doctor for advice.

Will the NHS remove a chalazion?

Yes, the NHS can remove a chalazion if it doesn’t go away on its own or keeps coming back. Minor surgery may be offered if warm compresses and other treatments haven’t worked.