Desmistificando estereótipos e mitos sobre bissexualidade

What is bisexuality?

Sexuality exists on a spectrum. This means that someone does not have to be exclusively homosexual or heterosexual. Bisexuality - often abbreviated to bi - is an umbrella term used to describe a romantic and/or sexual orientation towards more than one gender.

Bisexuals might just use the one label, but also can and do use a variety of terms to describe themselves. These include bisexual, pan, queer, and some other non-monosexual - people attracted to more than one gender - identities.

The first use of the word 'bisexual' - with the meaning of sexual attraction to multiple genders - dates back to the 19th century. German psychologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing used it to refer to the gender of individuals whom he believed exhibited both feminine and masculine behaviours.

From the 1970s onwards, bisexuality gained recognition and visibility as a sexual orientation in Western literature, academia and activism. However, bisexual people have often been marginalised in literature, film, and research and continue to face barriers with regards to equality and genuine understanding of their sexuality.

A 2021 global survey found that around 4% of the world’s population identifies as bisexual - thats more than 300 million people.¹

However, bi people still battle with bisexual stereotypes which impact how they see themselves and how they are treated, or mistreated, by others.

Violence and abuse

Bisexual women are more likely to experience abuse. A United Nations report looking at global LGBTQ+ issues described the rates of sexual violence against bisexual women as “shocking”, and that they were "especially at risk" of sexual violence. In several countries, including the UK, the US and Canada, studies have shown that bisexualwomen are the most vulnerable to rape, assédio sexual, domestic violence, and stalking.

In the UK specifically, studies have found that bisexual women are five times more likely than heterosexual women to be abused by a partner. In one study, 10.8% of bisexual women reported having been abused.²

Intimate partner violence researcher, Dr Nicole Johnson, estimates that up to 75% of bisexual women have been raped or sexually assaulted.³ She identifies that bisexual women are more vulnerable to abuse due to hypersexualisation, biphobic harassment and substance misuse.

"The media, and pornography, in particular, have long depicted women’s bisexuality as less about sexual agency and more about the pleasure of straight men, which may result in the dehumanisation and objectification of bisexual women resulting in increased acceptance of violence [against them]," she has said.

Domestic violence against bisexual people is not a new problem. A study from 2007 surveyed men who have sex with men (MSM) and 32.4% of participants reported some form of relationship abuse in a past or current relationship, 20.6% reported a history of verbal abuse, and 19.2% reported physical violence.⁴

The mental impact

It is thought that 1 in 20 young Brits are bisexual⁵ and having their sexuality invalidated and misunderstood can have immense consequences. There is a lot of misunderstanding within the queer community itself - whether it's the idea that bisexual males are just closeted gay men, or bisexual women only exist to arouse men. These stigmas and erasures of people’s identities may result in mental distress and struggles with self-acceptance.

Research indicates that there is a higher risk of suicide and auto-mutilação in bisexual individuals than in heterosexual, lesbian, and gay people. The American Psychological Association (APA) notes that people who are bisexual are more likely to experience depression than other sexualities, while a 2020 Australian study found that 72% of participants reported high or very high levels of psychological distress.⁶

There is a common stereotype that bisexual people are confused and indecisive, or they are only labelling themselves as bisexual while they figure out if they are gay or straight.

However, for a lot of people, bisexuality isn’t a stepping stone to homosexuality. It is a complete identity and valid in its own right. Sexuality is not binary - it isn't a case of choosing between one side or another.

It is also worth noting that, while bisexuality should never be dismissed as a 'phase,' it is also ok if someone comes out as bisexual and changes their label at a later date. This is because sexuality is fluid.

Another bisexual stereotype is that attraction is split 50/50 down the middle to men and women - it isn't. It also does not mean bisexuals are attracted to everyone.

American bisexual advocate Robyn Ochs famously defined bisexuality as “the potential to be attracted – romantically and/or sexually – to people of more than one sex and/or gender, not necessarily at the same time, not necessarily in the same way, and not necessarily to the same degree.”

Bisexuality is more complex, with each person expressing their attraction in individualistic ways. Multiple factors contribute to this, including who someone wants to be intimate with, who they want to have a romantic relationship with, and where they are in their own lives. There is no single, universal 'bi' experience.

The Ipsos global LGBTQ+ survey found that 48% of self-identified bisexuals say they are equally attracted to men and women, but more say they are mostly attracted to the opposite sex (28%) than to the same sex (9%). Bisexuality also encompasses non-binary and gender non-conforming folk, who do not identify solely as male or female.

30% of bisexual men and 8% of bisexual women say they cannot be open about their sexual orientation with any of their friends, compared to 2% of gay men and 1% of lesbians. This fear of coming out is especially common in young bisexual people, as LGBTQ+ pupils are three times more likely to experience sexual harassment at school.⁷

Of those who have come out, more than 27% of bisexual women and 18% of bisexual men have experienced discrimination or poor treatment from others in their local LGBTQ+ community.

Coming out can be a scary and stressful experience but suppressing one’s sexuality, and feeling the need to act as someone else, can have devastating mental health consequences. For example, 72% of bisexual women and 56% of bisexual men have experienced anxiety.

Coming out can be a liberating part of gender identity. It’s a process to reach that point, and suggesting that a bisexual person can just 'pretend to be straight' not only invalidates their sexuality, but it encourages them to hide who they are.

As long as bisexual stereotypes remain prevalent and people have misunderstandings around what bisexuality is, bisexual folk will be fearful of being themselves. Driving education and talking about sexuality openly will hopefully lead to a better understanding.

1. Attitudes to LGBT+ survey.

2. Women most at risk of experiencing partner abuse.

3. The National intimate partner and sexual violence survey.

4. Intimate partner abuse amongst gay and bisexual men.

5. Percentage of LGB population.

6. Bisexual mental health and gender diversity.

7. Growing up LGBT+ report.