According to the American Heart Association, CVI - a form of chronic venous disease - is common in older adults. However, as the condition is under-recognised, it is also undertreated, meaning there is an increased risk for heart problems and death.

Causes of CVI

There are several factors which increase your chances of developing CVI, these include:

• Idade avançada.

• Obesidade.

• Fumar.

• Sedentary lifestyle.

• Having existing heart or blood vessel conditions.

Growing older is, in general, the main reason that increases your chance of CVI. As you age, the valves in your leg veins, which are responsible for maintaining blood flow towards the heart, can weaken or become damaged. This makes it harder for blood to flow back efficiently, allowing backward flow of blood in the veins, leading to blood pooling in the legs and the development of CVI.

Joshua A. Beckman, M.D., FAHA, former volunteer chair of the AHA’s Vascular Health Advisory Committee and Scientific Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease says: “CVI can significantly impact your quality of life, but early detection and treatment can make a substantial difference.

“That is why it is vital to be aware of the signs and symptoms of CVI so you can seek timely medical evaluation and intervention.”

Pain is the most common symptom of CVI. One of the other main symptoms is swelling (oedema). President Trump’s diagnosis came to light after he had mild swelling in his lower leg.

The White House has said there is no evidence of deep vein thrombosis or arterial disease, and all laboratory results are within normal limits.

Other symptoms of CVI include varicose veins and skin changes. Skin changes commonly called ‘venous eczema’ or ‘stasis dermatitis,’ appear as red, itchy, or scaly patches on the lower legs caused by poor blood flow and ulcerations. The condition can result in pain, itching, or bleeding in the affected area, as well as aching, cramping, throbbing, leg fatigue, heaviness, or restless legs.

Treatment for CVI includes compression therapy - multilayer and short stretch bandaging, elastic garments, and graded compression stockings. Anti-inflammatory steroid ointments, antibiotics, and diuretics may also be prescribed.