A couple of decades ago, the focus was all on fat. Now, if you read some of the headlines, you'd believe it was only açúcar (or at least carbs) that you have to worry about. Funnily enough, it's not that simple.

Smart about sugar

There are two kinds of carboidratos - 'starchy' carbs, found in bread, potatoes, rice and pasta, and 'sugary' carbs - granulated sugar is the obvious example.

Sugar in our bodies comes from the carbohydrates within our food and drink. The starchy carbohydrates we eat are largely made up of big molecules called polysaccharides (poly- means lots) and sugary foods of disaccharides (di- means two). The smallest units of sugars, called monosaccharides (mono- means one), are glucose, galactose and fructose. Granulated sugar is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose.

Despite the hype about honey and trendy 'agave syrup' being healthier, they're mostly pure monosaccharide sugar - every bit as bad for your health in excess as granulated sugar.

Monosaccharides are absorbed straight from your gut into your bloodstream, putting your blood sugar up. Big polysaccharides in starchy foods have to be broken down in the gut into monosaccharides before they're absorbed. That means food or drink containing pure sugar causes large, rapid spikes in your blood sugar - and rapid drops.

The sudden increase in sugar may give you a very brief energy boost, but too much sugar in your bloodstream is very bad for your health. Not only does it make it easy for you to put on weight, it can also increase your risk of weight gain, ataque cardíaco e derrame.

It's not just eating too much sugar which increases your risk of diabetes tipo 2 - being overweight for any reason does that - but it certainly contributes. And sugary drinks in particular offer empty calories and a bad effect on your body's ability to use the hormone insulin properly.

But not all carbs are created equal. 'Complex' carbohydrates such as wholemeal and whole-grain foods, sweet potatoes and other starchy vegetables, provide fibre to help keep you feeling full. That means fibra helps you control your weight, as well as being good for your gut health. Complex carbs also take longer to digest, giving a slow, steady release of sugar into the bloodstream.

Easy health swaps include replacing white flour products with wholemeal or whole grain. As a rule of thumb, about a third of your food should come from complex carbs, at least a third from veg and fruit and most of the rest from dairy and protein foods like pulses, fish, eggs and lean meat.

Type 2 diabetes - the low-carb revolution

In recent years, several studies have looked at whether (for people with type 2 diabetes) a low-carb diet helps to control blood sugar so well that it puts your diabetes 'into remission'. This means your blood sugar is at the same level as someone without diabetes, without you having to take medicine.

Complex carbs don't increase your blood sugar as quickly as refined carbs (white flour and flour products etc). But all carbs, whether starchy or sugary, do increase your blood sugar. Um 2021 review of 23 clinical studies showed that after six months on a low-carb diet:

• Almost 6 in 10 people had put their diabetes into remission (compared to 3 in 10 receiving 'standard care').

• Insulin sensitivity (the body's ability to use insulin) was improved, although this reduced by 12 months.

• People lost 7.4 kg more than on standard treatment, although this was no longer the case by 12 months.

Fat is also important. While 'unsaturated' fat (in olive oil, rapeseed oil etc) is much less bad for you than too much saturated fat (butter, cream, fatty meat etc), they're both very high in calories. And weight is almost all about calories in and calories out. Fried and fatty foods, pastries and biscuits all contribute to weight gain, which increases your risk of artrite and even câncer, as well as doença cardíaca e pressão alta.

In addition, a estudo de 2021 looked at 562,445 people who between them had 36,727 major cardiovascular events, such as a heart attack or stroke, over nine years. The study showed that people who ate the highest amounts of fried food had:

• A 28% higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

• A 22% higher chance of heart attack.

• A 37% higher risk of heart failure.

The researchers point out that this research doesn't prove how fried food increases these risks. The high calorie intake, trans fats produced during frying and the salt and sugary drinks that often go along with fried meals could all play a part.

Reducing the amount of fat you consume doesn't have to mean changing everything about your diet. You could try grilling your food instead of frying, or try frying with a low-cal spray instead of oil. When buying meat, choose leaner cuts over fattier meats. And do your best to cut down on those cakes and pastries!

And we shouldn't ignore sal either. As a nation, we're more fond of it than we should be - Public Health England recommends no more than 6 grams (a teaspoon) of salt per day for adults; yet our average intake is about 8 grams. As well as salty bacon, gammon and crisps, much of the salt we eat is hidden in prepared foods like sauces, pickles and ready meals. Public Health England says cutting salt is the easiest way to cut high blood pressure, a factor in at least half of heart attacks.

Cooking food from scratch, seasoning with herbs, not adding salt to cooking water and tasting before you add salt can help. 'Posh' sea salts are no better for your health - unless you have kidney problems, try a reduced sodium alternative for that salty flavour.

Whatever you're eating, make sure to check for the 'traffic light' labels on many food packets. Opt for green across the board if possible. Keep foods with red traffic lights for treats!

Com agradecimentos à revista My Weekly, onde este artigo foi originalmente publicado.