What are the best exercises for osteoporosis?

In Patient’s recent survey of 281 healthcare professionals, doctors typically favoured lower-impact exercises: yoga/Pilates (recommended by 57% of doctors), bowls/pétanque (recommended by 49%) and swimming (49%). The least recommended activities were skiing/snowboarding (7%), skateboarding/rollerblading (6%) and rugby (3%) - all sports with a high risk of collisions or falls.

Osteoporosis Nurse Consultant Sarah Leyland, of the National Osteoporosis Society, thinks our respondents may be playing it safe - recommending the sports with the lowest risk of fracture, rather than necessarily the ones most likely to improve bone health.

"At the moment, I think people feel that if they get a diagnosis of osteoporosis they have to stop doing things, but there are no absolute dos and don’ts," she says. "If you are breaking bones very easily, you need to be aware of the risks involved, but I think many people with low bone density should continue with their activities as they always have."

We asked healthcare professionals which are the best sports for osteoperosis

Strong, straight and steady

The National Osteoporosis Society is currently working on revising its recommendations on exercising with osteoporosis, with a view to standardising the advice available. Its project, Strong, Straight and Steady, will be completed by the end of 2018.

"Strong, Straight and Steady encapsulates the three aspects we think are important," says Leyland. "‘Strong’ is that people need to do effective exercise to strengthen bones. ‘Straight’ will give some clarity on what kinds of movements are safe to do, so people aren’t frightened of breaking bones in their spine. ‘Steady’ is that people need to have good muscle strength and balance to help prevent falls."

What can be said with confidence is that people with osteoporosis respond well to weight-bearing exercise - ie any exercise where you're supporting your own body weight with your feet and legs. Hiking (recommended by 44% of doctors), dancing (36%), and climbing the stairs all count. Resistance exercises, like weight training, are important too.

This is because, when you exercise, your muscles pull on your bones. If there is an increase in the usual load or force, the bones react by growing stronger.

However, people at high risk of vertebral fractures are advised to stay away from high-impact exercises such as running (recommended by just 23% of doctors), as these can increase compression in your spine. As a general rule, it's also wise to avoid awkward twisting and jerky movements, which may mean modifying your technique in sports like golf or bowling.

The leading activities in our survey, yoga and Pilates, are safe and beneficial for most people with osteoporosis, so long as you pick a class of the right intensity. With yoga in particular you might need to modify some of the poses, especially the ones involving waist twists or forward bends. (You should also avoid sit-ups, as these can place undue stress on your back.)

"If you have been diagnosed with osteoporosis or osteopenia, Pilates is a great choice of exercise," says Lynne Robinson, founder and director of Body Control Pilates and author of The Pilates Bible e Pilates for Life. "Many of the exercises are weight-bearing, loading bones by using free weights and the body's own weight to encourage bone growth. Central to our method is good postural stability and postural alignment - both are essential for bone health. We also include exercises for balance, co-ordination and falls prevention."

Of course, the right exercises for you will depend on the severity of your osteoporosis, your overall fitness and your history of physical activity. If you're a keen horse rider, for example, you will need to weigh up the risk of falling against the benefits you derive. This will be a very personal equation, and it's important to seek advice from your doctor or physiotherapist before you engage in any exercise which involves significant impact or risk of falls.

Sarah Leyland is anxious to dispel the fear that often accompanies a diagnosis of osteoporosis. She hopes that the Strong, Straight and Steady project will boost people's confidence about staying active.

"It's important to work within your capabilities, but everyone should be moving comfortably," she says. "Stopping exercising is almost the worst thing you can do, because if you become less mobile it's going to be bad for your bones."